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Topic: The Islamic Ruling on Ownership and Inheritance of a House Purchased With Gifted Money

(No-48251)

Q A father is still alive and currently resides in his house. While continuing to live in the same house, he wishes to distribute his property among his wife, one son, and one daughter.
Later, the wife and the son intend to return their respective shares (or the money received in lieu of those shares) to the father. The father will then use that money to purchase a new property and register it in the names of himself, his wife, and his son. The daughter, having already received her share (or its value), will not be included as an owner of the new property.
Question: According to Islamic law, or from a legal perspective, is the father required to give the daughter a share in the newly purchased property as well, even though she has already received her previous share (or its equivalent value)?

aIn the name of Allah, with His praise and blessings upon His Messenger.
It is important to note that if a person gifts (hiba) a house in which he himself is living, that gift is not Islamically complete (hiba tam) until he fully vacates the house, removes all his belongings, and gives the recipient (donee) complete possession and control over it. Simply saying so verbally does not transfer ownership. The house remains the property of the donor as long as he continues to live in it.
However, if the donor sells the house and gives the proceeds to his heirs as a gift in such a way that they receive full possession and ownership of that money, then the gift will be complete and valid in Islamic law. Whoever receives that money with full possession becomes its rightful owner.
Therefore, in the situation described, if the father gifts the house while continuing to live in it, the gift will not be valid in Islamic law and the house will remain his property. However, if the father sells the house and gives the proceeds to an heir with full possession and ownership, that person will become the rightful owner of that amount and the gift will be complete and valid.
Furthermore, regarding what happens with the money:
If the wife and son return their money to the father with full ownership, and the father uses it to purchase a house for himself, then upon the father's death, the daughter will also receive her share of inheritance from that entire house.
If, however, the wife and son contribute the money as partners in purchasing the house, then they will each own a share of the house proportional to their contribution. In this case, upon the father's death, the daughter will only receive her inheritance from the father's share of the house, not from the entire house.

Note: This answer applies only to the scenario in which the father passes away. If the mother or son were to pass away instead, the details of that situation would need to be submitted as a separate question.

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دلائل:

الفتاوى الهندية: (کتاب الھبة، الباب السادس في الهبة للصغير، 4/ 392، ط: المطبعة الكبرى الأميرية ببولاق مصر)
«الحسن بن زياد عن أبي حنيفة - رحمه الله تعالى - في رجل تصدق بداره على ابنه الصغير وله فيها متاع أو كان فيها ساكن بغير أجر جازت الصدقة، وإن كانت في يدي رجل بإجارة لم تجز الصدقة، وقيل: جوابه في الصدقة فيما إذا كان فيها ساكن بأجر أو بغير أجر يوافق جوابه في الهبة وجوابه في الصدقة فيما إذا كان هو الساكن أو كان فيها متاعه يخالف جوابه في الهبة فالمروي عنه في الهبة إذا كان الواهب في الدار أو كان فيها متاع الواهب أنه لا يجوز وكما أن الهبة تفتقر إلى القبض فالصدقة تفتقر إلى القبض فيكون في المسألتين روايتان عنه، كذا في المحيط والذخيرة.»

الفتاوى التاتارخانیة: (فیما یجوز من الھبة وما لا یجوز، نوع منه، 431/14، ط: رشیدیه کوئته)
"و في المنتقى عن أبي يوسف: لايجوز للرجل أن يهب لامرأته و أن تهب لزوجها أو لأجنبي دارًا وهما فيها ساكنان، و كذلك الهبة للولد الكبير؛ لأن يد الواهب ثابتة علي الدار".

الدر المختار: (689/5، ط: سعید)
"بخلاف جعلته باسمك فإنه ليس بهبة"

الھندیة: (378/4، ط: دار الفکر)
لا يثبت الملك للموهوب له إلا بالقبض هو المختار،هكذا في الفصول العمادية.

الهندية: (301/2، ط: دار الفكر)
الشركة نوعان شركة ملك وهي أن يتملك رجلان شيئا من غير عقد الشركة بينهما، كذا في التهذيب.. وشركة الملك نوعان: شركة جبر، وشركة اختيار ... وشركة الاختيار أن يوهب لهما مال أو يملكا مالا باستيلاء أو يخلطا مالهما، كذا في الذخيرة أو يملكا مالا بالشراء أو بالصدقة، كذا في فتاوى قاضي خان أو يوصى لهما فيقبلان، كذا في الاختيار شرح المختار، وركنها اجتماع النصيبين، وحكمها وقوع الزيادة على الشركة بقدر الملك..الخ

Allah the Almighty knows best.
Darul ifta Al-Ikhlas, Karachi.

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