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Topic: Returning to Islam: Inheritance, Missed Worship, and Changing Schools of Fiqh

(No-57381)

Q Assalamu alaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh, I was born into a non-Muslim family. I later embraced Islam and began following the Maliki madhhab. After that, I followed Twelver Shiism and the Ja‘fari school for a period of time. I then left Islam and remained outside the religion for approximately ten years.
I now sincerely wish to return to Sunni Islam, repent to Allah, and resume practising the religion correctly. I would therefore be grateful if you could answer the following questions.
1. Accepting a bequest of all my non-Muslim mother’s property
My mother is not Muslim. Apart from a few cousins, she has no other family or close relatives.
My father is also not Muslim and is still alive. My mother and father have never been married to each other, either through a religious marriage or a civil marriage.
My mother wishes to leave all of her property to me legally, as I am her only child. The value of this property is considerably more than one-third of her total estate.
After I return to Islam, would it be permissible for me to accept the entirety of the property that she leaves to me?
Is there a lawful Islamic way to resolve this matter without giving my mother the impression that Islam prevents her from transferring more than one-third of her property to her only child?
Please explain the ruling separately for the following two situations:
1. if we are living in a Muslim country;
2. if we are living in a non-Muslim country.
This is because we may in the future live either in a Muslim country or in a non-Muslim country.
Please also clarify whether, during her lifetime, my mother may give me her property as a gift, transfer legal ownership of it to me, or use another lawful legal and Islamic arrangement to fulfil her wish.
2. Missed prayers and Ramadan fasts during the period when I was outside Islam
After returning to Islam, must I make up the obligatory prayers and Ramadan fasts that I missed during the approximately ten years in which I was outside Islam?
Or does sincere repentance and returning to Islam remove the obligation to make up the acts of worship relating to that period?
3. Validity of the acts of worship performed while following the Ja‘fari school
Are the obligatory prayers and Ramadan fasts that I performed while following the Ja‘fari school considered valid and sufficient from the perspective of Sunni jurisprudence?
If some or all of those acts of worship are not considered valid, must I make them up after returning to Sunni Islam?
4. Following the Maliki madhhab and adopting a recognised opinion from another madhhab
I am not a specialist in the Islamic sciences. When I first began practising Islam, I followed the Maliki madhhab. Am I therefore required to follow the Maliki madhhab in every issue?
Where there is genuine hardship, such as in the matter of a bequest or inheritance, may I follow a recognised opinion from another Sunni madhhab under the guidance of a qualified and trustworthy scholar?
Would doing so be considered:
* impermissible combination of rulings from different madhhabs, known as talfīq;
* or the improper pursuit of dispensations and the easiest opinions based on personal desire?
5. Completely changing to another Sunni madhhab
Would it be permissible for me to leave the Maliki madhhab and adopt another Sunni madhhab completely, and then follow that madhhab consistently and in a disciplined manner?
If my main reason for changing madhhab is to find a lawful Islamic solution concerning the property that my mother wishes to leave to me, would that be permissible?
There is also a secondary reason: I no longer live in a region or country where the Maliki madhhab is widespread. Malikis are either very few or entirely absent where I currently live.
If the main motive for changing madhhab is to benefit from its ruling concerning this bequest or estate, would this be considered following personal desire or using a legal stratagem to circumvent Islamic law?
Or may I, under the supervision of a qualified scholar, adopt another Sunni madhhab in its entirety and thereafter follow it consistently?
I am not seeking to circumvent Islamic law, manipulate the religion, or obtain property through an unlawful means. I am seeking the least burdensome path that remains genuinely permissible under Islamic law and allows me to act with a clear conscience.
I have included all these questions in one message because they appear closely connected. If each question should instead be submitted separately, please let me know. Jazakum Allahu khayran.

aIt is among the greatest of blessings of Allah that He pulled you out of the darkness of kufr (disbelief) and brought you back to Islam. Your repentance and remorse are signs that Allah intends good for you.
The door of repentance is always open, so do not dwell on the past. Turn your focus to living the rest of your life in accordance with Islam. May Allah keep you firm upon it. Your five questions are answered in order below.
*1) Receiving the Entirety of a Non-Muslim Mother's Estate Through a Will:*
According to Shariah, inheritance cannot pass between a Muslim and a non-Muslim. The Prophet ﷺ said: "A Muslim does not inherit from a disbeliever, nor does a disbeliever inherit from a Muslim." (Sunan al-Nasa'i al-Kubra, Hadith: 6371)
Therefore, if your mother passes away after you have accepted Islam, you will not receive anything from her estate as inheritance. However, during her lifetime, she may give you her entire property as a gift (hiba), provided she formally transfers possession to you while she is still alive.
As for a wasiyyah (bequest), the ruling depends on whether your mother has other legal heirs. If she has none, she may bequeath her entire estate to you. If she does have heirs, as appears to be the case with your in-laws, she may only bequeath up to one third. The bequest of anything beyond one third is not valid. There is one exception: if all her adult heirs willingly agree, the bequest of the full estate becomes valid.
*2) Further Clarification on the Above:*
Two solutions have already been mentioned.
Solution 1: Your mother may gift her entire estate to you during her lifetime, provided full ownership is transferred to you.
Solution 2: If there are no other heirs, she may bequeath her full estate to you. If she does have heirs, she may still bequeath her entire estate to you, but only if all the heirs consent.
If the other heirs do not consent, your mother can only bequeath one third of her estate to you. The remainder is the other heirs' legal right.
Islam set this limit to ensure that the wealth of a deceased person is distributed fairly among all relatives and that no one's rights are taken away. This is a reflection of how fair and just Shariah law is.
There is therefore no reason to feel that Islam is preventing your mother from leaving her entire estate to you as her only child. The Islamic solution has been laid out above. For the legal side of things, we recommend consulting a lawyer.
*3) Prayers and Fasts Missed During the Period of Apostasy*:
When a person who has left Islam returns through repentance, the unanimous position of the majority of scholars across all four Sunni schools — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali — is that it is not mandatory to perform qaza (make up) for the prayers and fasts missed during the period of disbelief.
Tawbah (repentance) wipes away all past sins and shortcomings. Therefore, it is not mandatory for you to perform qaza for the prayers and fasts missed during those 10 years. It is, however, mandatory for you to make sincere and firm Tawbah, and going forward, perform your prayers and keep your fasts diligently.

*4) Worship Performed While Following Ja'fari Fiqh:*
Regarding acts of worship performed according to the Ja'fari (Ithna 'Ashari) school, Sunni scholars generally do not require you to repeat those acts of worship, on the basis that you were following a school of thought you genuinely believed to be correct at the time.
However, if any act of worship was missing its fundamental conditions, such as purification (taharah) for prayer, then out of caution those specific acts should be repeated. A complete repeat of all past worship is not obligatory upon you. Your fresh return to Islam covers the shortcomings of the past.
*5) Following Maliki Fiqh and Adopting Another School's Opinion When Needed:*
Since you are not a mujtahid, following one established school of fiqh is the correct and safe path for you. The Maliki school is a valid and authoritative Sunni school of law.
As for adopting the ruling of another school in cases of genuine hardship, if a particular matter causes real difficulty within the Maliki school and you have the guidance of a reliable, God-fearing Sunni scholar, then taking the established opinion of another Sunni school, such as the Hanafi or Shafi'i, is permissible.
However, cherry-picking the easiest rulings from different schools simply to follow personal desires, in a way that violates established principles of Islamic law, is not permissible. This is known as ‘talfeeq’ (تلفیق). But if an entire issue is resolved according to the principles of another established school, due to genuine need or under the guidance of a qualified scholar, this is permissible.
*6) Permanently Switching to Another Sunni School of Fiqh:*
Since you are not a scholar or mujtahid, you cannot switch schools on your own authority. However, if you present your situation to a qualified scholar and they advise you to switch, then you may do so.
Permanently moving from one Sunni school to another established Sunni school, such as the Hanafi or Shafi'i, and adhering to it going forward is permissible when there is a genuine need, since all Sunni schools of law are upon the truth and are interpretations of the Qur'an and Sunnah.
The reason you have given — that scholars and communities of the Maliki school are absent in your area, while Hanafi or Shafi'i scholars and environments are readily available — is a sound and legitimate reason for switching. For a layperson, it is naturally easier to follow a school whose scholars and rulings are accessible in their environment. However, this should still be done with the advice of a qualified scholar, not independently.
As for the matter of your mother's property, a solution exists within your current school of fiqh, so there is no need to switch schools solely for that reason.
*Summary:*
For your mother's estate, the gift (hiba) during her lifetime is the most sound, Islamically valid, and legally practical route. No make-up of prayers and fasts from the period of disbelief is required. Acts of worship performed while following the Ja'fari fiqh, if their basic conditions were met, do not need to be repeated — your return to Islam is sufficient. You may, due to your circumstances and environment, transition from the Maliki school to the Hanafi or another established Sunni school.
May Allah make this new chapter of your life a means of steadfastness upon the true religion, and may He guide your parents to the complete truth as well. Ameen.

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دلائل:

صحیح البخاري: (کتاب الفرائض، رقم الحدیث: 6764، 1001/2، ط: دار الفکر)
عن أسامة بن زید رضي اللّٰہ عنه أن النبي صلی اللّٰہ علیه وسلم قال: لا یرث المسلم الکافر ولا الکافر المسلم.

الفتاویٰ التاتارخانیة: (395/20، ط: زکریا)
ثم لا خلاف أن الکافر لا یرث المسلمین بحال، وکذٰلك المسلم لا یرث الکافر في قول أکثر الصحابة رضي اللّٰہ عنهم، وهو مذهب الفقهاء۔

الفتاویٰ الهندیة: (132/6)
الحربي المستأمن إذا أوصی للمسلم أو الذمي یصح في الجملة غیر أنه إن کان دخل وارثه معه في دار الإسلام فأوصی بأکثر من الثلث وقف ما زاد علی الثلث علی إجازۃ وارثه‬ وإن لم یکن له وارث أصلاً تصح من جمیع المال۔

المسند المستخرج على صحيح الإمام مسلم: (190/1، ط: دار الكتب العلمية- بيروت)
الإسلام يهدم ما كان قبله.

الدر المختار مع رد المحتار: (563/1، ط: دار الفكر- بيروت)
وأما الاقتداء بالمخالف في الفروع كالشافعي فيجوز ما لم يعلم منه ما يفسد الصلاة على اعتقاد المقتدي عليه الإجماع

الدر المختار مع رد المحتار: (564/1، ط: دار الفكر- بيروت)
والذي يميل إليه القلب عدم كراهة الاقتداء بالمخالف ما لم يكن غير مراع في الفرائض، لأن كثيرا من الصحابة والتابعين كانوا أئمة مجتهدين وهم يصلون خلف إمام واحد مع تباين مذاهبهم.

بدائع الصنائع: (157/1، ط: دار الکتب العلمية)
قال بعض مشايخنا: إن الصلاة خلف المبتدع لا تجوز، وذكر في المنتقى رواية عن أبي حنيفة أنه كان لا يرى الصلاة خلف المبتدع، والصحيح أنه إن كان هوى يكفره لا تجوز، وإن كان لا يكفره تجوز مع الكراهة

الدر المختار مع رد المحتار: (كتاب الحدود، باب التعزير، 80/4، ط: دار الفكر)
"مطلب فيما إذا ارتحل إلى غير مذهبه
(قوله: ارتحل إلى مذهب الشافعي يعزر) أي إذا كان ارتحاله لا لغرض محمود شرعًا، لما في التتارخانية: حكي أن رجلا من أصحاب أبي حنيفة خطب إلى رجل من أصحاب الحديث ابنته في عهد أبي بكر الجوزجاني فأبى إلا أن يترك مذهبه فيقرأ خلف الإمام، ويرفع يديه عند الانحطاط ونحو ذلك فأجابه فزوجه، فقال الشيخ بعدما سئل عن هذه وأطرق رأسه: النكاح جائز ولكن أخاف عليه أن يذهب إيمانه وقت النزع؛ لأنه استخف بمذهبه الذي هو حق عنده وتركه لأجل جيفة منتنة، ولو أن رجلا برئ من مذهبه باجتهاد وضح له كان محمودا مأجورًا.
أما انتقال غيره من غير دليل بل لما يرغب من عرض الدنيا وشهوتها فهو المذموم الآثم المستوجب للتأديب والتعزير لارتكابه المنكر في الدين واستخفافه بدينه ومذهبه اه ملخصًا.
وفيها عن الفتاوى النسفية: الثبات على مذهب أبي حنيفة خير وأولى، قال: وهذه الكلمة أقرب إلى الألفة اه: وفي آخر التحرير للمحقق ابن الهمام: مسألة لا يرجع فيما قلد فيه أي عمل به اتفاقا، وهل يقلد غيره في غيره؟ المختار نعم للقطع بأنهم كانوا يستفتون مرة واحدا ومرة غيره غير ملتزمين مفتيا واحدا فلو التزم مذهبا معينا كأبي حنيفة والشافعي، فقيل يلزم، وقيل لا، وقيل مثل من لم يلتزم، وهو الغالب على الظن لعدم ما يوجبه شرعا اه ملخصًا قال شارحه المحقق ابن أمير الحاج: بل الدليل الشرعي اقتضى العمل بقول المجتهد وتقليده فيه فيما احتاج إليه وهو - {فاسألوا أهل الذكر} [النحل: 43]- والسؤال إنما يتحقق عند طلب حكم الحادثة المعينة، فإذا ثبت عنده قول المجتهد وجب عمله به وأما التزامه فلم يثبت من السمع اعتباره ملزما إنما ذلك في النذر، ولا فرق في ذلك بين أن يلتزمه بلفظه أو بقلبه على أن قول القائل مثلا قلدت فلانا فيما أفتى به تعليق التقليد والوعد به ذكره المصنف. اه.
مطلب العامي لا مذهب له قلت: وأيضا قالوا العامي لا مذهب له، بل مذهبه مذهب مفتيه، وعلله في شرح التحرير بأن المذهب إنما يكون لمن له نوع نظر واستدلال وبصر بالمذهب على حسبه، أو لمن قرأ كتابا في فروع ذلك المذهب وعرف فتاوى إمامه وأقواله.
وأما غيره ممن قال أنا حنفي أو شافعي لم يصر كذلك بمجرد القول كقوله أنا فقيه أو نحوي اه وتقدم تمام ذلك في المقدمة أول هذا الشرح، وإنما أطلنا في ذلك لئلا يغتر بعض الجهلة بما يقع في الكتب من إطلاق بعض العبارات الموهمة خلاف المراد فيحملهم على تنقيص الأئمة المجتهدين، فإن العلماء حاشاهم الله تعالى أن يريدوا الازدراء بمذهب الشافعي أو غيره، بل يطلقون تلك العبارات بالمنع من الانتقال خوفا من التلاعب بمذاهب المجتهدين، نفعنا الله تعالى بهم، وأماتنا على حبهم آمين.
يدل لذلك ما في القنية رامزا لبعض كتب المذهب: ليس للعامي أن يتحول من مذهب إلى مذهب، ويستوي فيه الحنفي والشافعي اه. وسيأتي إن شاء الله تعالى تمام ذلك في فصل القبول من الشهادات."

الدر المختار مع رد المحتار: (72/2، ط الحلبي)
إذَا كَانَ عَلَى الْمُرْتَدِّ قَضَاءُ صَلَوَاتٍ وَصِيَامَاتٍ تَرَكَهَا فِي الْإِسْلَامِ ثُمَّ أَسْلَمَ، قَالَ شَمْسُ الْأَئِمَّةِ الْحَلْوَانِيُّ: عَلَيْهِ قَضَاءُ مَا تَرَكَ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ لِأَنَّ تَرْكَ الصِّيَامِ وَالصَّلَاةِ مَعْصِيَةٌ، وَالْمَعْصِيَةُ تَبْقَى بَعْدَ الرِّدَّةِ

درر الحكام شرح غرر الأحكام: (301/1، ط: دار الکتب العلمية)
وَيَقْضِي عِبَادَاتٍ تَرَكَهَا فِي الْإِسْلَامِ ... لِأَنَّ تَرْكَ الصَّلَاةِ وَالصِّيَامِ مَعْصِيَةٌ وَالْمَعْصِيَةُ تَبْقَى بَعْدَ الرِّدَّةِ.

مجمع الأنهر: (147/1، ط: دار إحياء التراث العربي)
وَلَا يَلْزَمُ قَضَاءُ مَا فَاتَهُ زَمَانَ الرِّدَّةِ يَعْنِي إذَا مَضَتْ الْمُدَّةُ عَلَى رِدَّتِهِ ثُمَّ أَسْلَمَ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ قَضَاءُ مَا فَاتَهُ فِيهَا مِنْ الْفَرَائِضِ عِنْدَنَا


Allah the Almighty knows best.
Darul ifta Al-Ikhlas, Karachi.

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